The amygdala also plays an important role in linking spatial and motivational representations in the brain. Stimulation of these neurons also increases the magnitude of effort applied to get that particular reward. Stimulation of neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala together with receiving a particular reward has been shown to increase the magnitude of reward motivation and reduce the range of reward selection. The motivation of choosing one reward over another is important for reducing the possibility of addictive behaviors. Regarding motivational states related to rewarding or aversive stimuli, stimulation of glutamatergic neurons of the amygdala projecting to the VTA area induces aversive behavior, whereas stimulation of its GABAergic projections to VTA triggers rewarding behaviors. Prenatal maternal distress during COVID linked to alterations in infant brain developmentĪlthough dopaminergic projections to the nucleus accumbens are responsible for acute reward and initiation of addiction, glutamatergic projections from the anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex are primarily involved in end-stage addiction.It is a part of the mesolimbic system that transports the neurotransmitter, dopamine, from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the brain to the nucleus accumbens, amygdala and hippocampus to sensitize reward-related motivations including addiction. The nucleus accumbens, a brain structure located in the ventral striatum, creates a functional link between the limbic system and motor system and plays a pivotal role in motivational behaviors. Hypothalamus – regulates autonomic nervous system by synthesizing and releasing hormones as well as participates in maintaining circadian rhythms of the bodyĪmong the structures of the limbic system, the amygdala plays an important role in controlling motivational behaviors, such as reward-related motivation as well as appetitive and aversive behaviors.Amygdala – is associated mainly with various emotional behaviors, fear conditioning, emotional memory formation, and social recognition.Hippocampus – regulates long-term memory formation and retrieval.Limbic cortex – regulates autonomic functions, cognitive processing, attention, emotional behaviors, and spatial memory.Specific functions of these regions are as follows: Female Limbic System Brain Anatomy - Image Credit: decade3d - anatomy online /
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